….whose presence was understood to be a good omen.
—Guy Davenport, Every Force Evolves a Form
There are no birds in my paintings.
—Glenn Goldberg
GG is a signature. GG is a pair of eyes. GG is a duplicate. GG is a reflection. GG is one person. Or two. GG is when you look at art; art looks back. GG is a twin. Or triplets. GG is a question and an answer or a question and a question. GG is repetition. GG is reproduction. GG is dots. GG is two birds. GG is many birds. GG is no bird. GG is action. GG is multiplying, amplifying. GG is unifying. GG is Glenn Goldberg….
This is what I scribbled on the plane back to Seoul after visiting Glenn Goldberg’s studio in New York. Just as I named my gallery Thomas Park after the typeface on a book cover of Thomas the Obscure, I was thinking of his signature as the title of his show because the letter G, set side by side, resembles a pair of twins.(Though I chose the name Thomas because of the font design, Thomas means twins.) Appearance and what it contains speak to each other, and—as Mother Ann of the Shakers said—every force evolves a form. Goldberg’s signature GG, to me, is all these things. Look closely; there is a moment when everything aligns.
The title of Guy Davenport’s essay, Every Force Evolves a Form, as we can see, is borrowed from Mother Ann. It is a peculiar essay on the literary history of birds as daemons, elemental spirits. In this essay, Davenport goes from Wordsworth’s robin, Poe’s raven, Keats’ nightingale, Shelley’s skylark, to Whitman’s osprey. He says these birds “are but modulations in a long tradition, a dance of forms to a perennial spiritual force.”
Standing in his studio, I also thought of Hilma af Klint (1862–1944), Agnes Martin (1912–2004), and Henry Darger (1892–1973). Although separated by era, style, and sensibility, these artists converged in my mind as I looked at Goldberg’s work. It was af Klint’s layering of the forms of the invisible, Martin’s Zen-like repetition and disciplined execution, and Darger’s innocence of mind and form that formed the thread connecting them to Goldberg.
Though his work recalled these artists, Goldberg’s roots lie firmly in the New York Ab-Ex tradition and the lineage of early Modernism. He spoke of how colors relate to one another, how an image engages with the picture plane, and what the picture plane itself means. Like the Modernists before him, he attends closely to drawing and structure, to seeing plastically even in colors.
You see birds in his paintings, yet you quickly realize they need not be birds at all. He has, in fact, insisted that “there are no birds” in his work. This could mean two things: his paintings are not representational in the conventional sense, and his bird-like forms carry no literary weight as symbols or allegories. So what are they?
When I turned these questions over in my mind, I thought of Susan Rothenberg’s horses and Kangso Lee’s ducks. Rothenberg’s horses shed the representational burden of the image, while retaining psychological tension in the drawing, they no longer simply depicted horses, but addressed the very problems of painting and drawing, and representation and abstraction. Kangso Lee’s ducks function as image-evoking devices that liberate him from the demands of representational imagery. He once said, “My duck is neither mist, nor water, nor cloud—it is a brushstroke swept across. Think of it whatever you wish.” It was something he painted that could have been anything; he chose it, he said, because it was easy to paint.
In much the same way, Goldberg’s recurring bird image functions as a compositional anchor—a visual scaffolding that allows patterns, dots, and colors to engage in dynamic interplay. His meticulous, stitch-like mark-making produces a steady visual hum, reminiscent of the looping structures in musical minimalism (Philip Glass, Terry Riley). The repeated dots and shapes serve simultaneously as texture and tempo, generating a sustained field of vibration, of frequency. And what kind of frequencies? Certainly high ones. As Goldberg himself notes, “Tenderness, wildness, kindness, devotion, and love are the drivers of my paintings.” His dots, his birds, are acts of repetition—gestures of care—translating those high frequencies into form.
In this exhibition, his objects are presented for the first time. Though their forms originate from familiar, everyday shapes such as cake molds, they are reborn with a singular presence. These forms possess the metaphorical resonance of the commonplace and of multiplicity within their very shape. Like plastic, the resin he casts into such molds embodies plasticity, the capacity to take on any form and color. Layered in varying colors and degrees of translucency, these strange and uncanny “friends” transmit light, like the stained glass of a church, reminding the possibility of the ordinary being reborn.
Mimi Park